Diretrizes brasileiras do angioedema hereditário 2022 ­ Parte 1: definição, classificação e diagnóstico / 2022 Brazilian guidelines for hereditary angioedema ­ Part 1: definition, classification, and diagnosis

O angioedema hereditário é uma doença autossômica dominante caracterizada por crises recorrentes de edema que acometem o tecido subcutâneo e o submucoso, com envolvimento de diversos órgãos. Os principais locais afetados são face, membros superiores e inferiores, as alças intestinais e as vias respiratórias superiores. Em decorrência da falta de conhecimento dessa condição por profissionais de saúde, ocorre atraso importante no seu diagnóstico, comprometendo a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. Além disso, o retardo no diagnóstico pode resultar em aumento da mortalidade por asfixia devido ao edema de laringe. A natureza errática das crises com variação do quadro clínico e gravidade dos sintomas entre diferentes pacientes, e no mesmo paciente ao longo da vida, se constitui em desafio no cuidado dos doentes que têm angioedema hereditário. O principal tipo de angioedema hereditário é resultante de mais de 700 variantes patogênicas do gene SERPING1 com deficiência funcional ou quantitativa da proteína inibidor de C1, porém nos últimos anos outras mutações foram descritas em seis outros genes. Ocorreram avanços importantes na fisiopatologia da doença e novas drogas para o tratamento do angioedema hereditário foram desenvolvidas. Nesse contexto, o Grupo de Estudos Brasileiro em Angioedema Hereditário (GEBRAEH) em conjunto com a Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) atualizou as diretrizes brasileiras do angioedema hereditário. O maior conhecimento dos diversos aspectos resultou na divisão das diretrizes em duas partes, sendo nessa primeira parte abordados a definição, a classificação e o diagnóstico.

Hereditary angioedema is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by recurrent attacks of edema that affect the subcutaneous tissue and the submucosa, involving several organs. The main affected sites are the face, upper and lower limbs, gastrointestinal tract, and upper airways. Because health professionals lack knowledge about this condition, there is a significant delay in diagnosis, compromising the quality of life of affected individuals. Furthermore, delayed diagnosis may result in increased mortality from asphyxia due to laryngeal edema. The erratic nature of the attacks with variations in clinical course and severity of symptoms among different patients and in one patient throughout life constitutes a challenge in the care of patients with hereditary angioedema. The main type of hereditary angioedema results from more than 700 pathogenic variants of the SERPING1 gene with functional or quantitative deficiency of the C1 inhibitor protein, but in recent years other mutations have been described in six other genes. Important advances have been made in the pathophysiology of the disease, and new drugs for the treatment of hereditary angioedema have been developed. In this context, the Brazilian Study Group on Hereditary Angioedema (GEBRAEH) in conjunction with the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) updated the Brazilian guidelines on hereditary angioedema. Greater knowledge of different aspects resulted in the division of the guidelines into two parts, with definition, classification, and diagnosis being addressed in this first part.

Diretrizes brasileiras de angioedema hereditário 2022 ­ Parte 2: terapêutica / 2022 Brazilian guidelines for hereditary angioedema ­ Part 2: therapy

O tratamento do angioedema hereditário tem início com a educação dos pacientes e familiares sobre a doença, pois é fundamental o conhecimento da imprevisibilidade das crises, assim como os seus fatores desencadeantes. O tratamento medicamentoso se divide em terapia das crises e profilaxia das manifestações clínicas. As crises devem ser tratadas o mais precocemente possível com o uso do antagonista do receptor de bradicinina, o icatibanto ou o concentrado de C1-inibidor. É necessário estabeler um plano de ação em caso de crises para todos os pacientes. A profilaxia de longo prazo dos sintomas deve ser realizada preferencialmente com medicamentos de primeira linha, como concentrado do C1-inibidor ou o anticorpo monoclonal anti-calicreína, lanadelumabe. Como segunda linha de tratamento temos os andrógenos atenuados. Na profilaxia de curto prazo, antes de procedimentos que podem desencadear crises, o uso do concentrado de C1-inibidor é preconizado. Existem algumas restrições para uso desses tratamentos em crianças e gestantes que devem ser consideradas. Novos medicamentos baseados nos avanços do conhecimento da fisiopatologia do angioedema hereditário estão em desenvolvimento, devendo melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O uso de ferramentas padronizadas para monitorização da qualidade de vida, do controle e da atividade da doença são fundamentais no acompanhamento destes pacientes. A criação de associações de pacientes e familiares de pacientes com angioedema hereditário tem desempenhado um papel muito importante no cuidado destes pacientes no nosso país.

The treatment of hereditary angioedema begins with the education of patients and their families about the disease, as it is essential to know the unpredictability of attacks as well as their triggering factors. Drug treatment is divided into attack therapy and prophylaxis of clinical manifestations. Attacks should be treated as early as possible with the bradykinin receptor antagonist icatibant or C1-inhibitor concentrate. An action plan needs to be established for all patients with attacks. Long-term prophylaxis of symptoms should preferably be performed with first-line drugs such as C1-inhibitor concentrate or the anti-kallikrein monoclonal antibody lanadelumab. Attenuated androgens are the second line of treatment. In short-term prophylaxis, before procedures that can trigger attacks, the use of C1-inhibitor concentrate is recommended. There are some restrictions for the use of these treatments in children and pregnant women that should be considered. New drugs based on advances in knowledge of the pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema are under development and are expected to improve patient quality of life. The use of standardized tools for monitoring quality of life and controlling disease activity is essential in the follow-up of these patients. The creation of associations of patients and families of patients with hereditary angioedema has played a very important role in the care of these patients in Brazil.

Maternal and early childhood factors associated with asthma and obesity in children aged 6 to 7 years: a case control study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the maternal and early childhood factors associated with asthma and obesity in children aged 6 to 7 years. METHODS: A case-control study conducted with children aged 6 to 7 years. Applications with questions about asthma symptoms in the last 12 months, maternal and childhood data in the first 2 years of life, and anthropometric data were collected. Children who presented asthma symptoms were considered as cases and those without asthma symptoms were considered as controls, later divided into two subgroups that were eutrophic or overweight/obesity. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between asthma symptoms (adequate weight and overweight/obesity) and gestational and personal factors, calculating odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Two hundred and one children were evaluated, 25.4% had asthma symptoms, 37.2% of them were overweight/obesity. Waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and body mass index were higher in the group with overweight/obesity asthma symptoms compared to no asthma symptoms (p<0.05). Factors significantly associated with asthma and overweight/obesity symptoms included: the maternal history of asthma (odds ratio of 3.73; 95%CI: 1.10-12.6) and hypertension during pregnancy (odds ratio of 3.29; 95%CI: 1.08-9.94). CONCLUSION: Maternal history of asthma and hypertension during pregnancy increased the chances of children, at 6 and 7 years of age, having symptoms of asthma and obesity.

Maternal and early childhood factors associated with asthma and obesity in children aged 6 to 7 years: a case control study

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the maternal and early childhood factors associated with asthma and obesity in children aged 6 to 7 years. Methods A case-control study conducted with children aged 6 to 7 years. Applications with questions about asthma symptoms in the last 12 months, maternal and childhood data in the first 2 years of life, and anthropometric data were collected. Children who presented asthma symptoms were considered as cases and those without asthma symptoms were considered as controls, later divided into two subgroups that were eutrophic or overweight/obesity. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between asthma symptoms (adequate weight and overweight/obesity) and gestational and personal factors, calculating odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Results Two hundred and one children were evaluated, 25.4% had asthma symptoms, 37.2% of them were overweight/obesity. Waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and body mass index were higher in the group with overweight/obesity asthma symptoms compared to no asthma symptoms (p<0.05). Factors significantly associated with asthma and overweight/obesity symptoms included: the maternal history of asthma (odds ratio of 3.73; 95%CI: 1.10-12.6) and hypertension during pregnancy (odds ratio of 3.29; 95%CI: 1.08-9.94). Conclusion Maternal history of asthma and hypertension during pregnancy increased the chances of children, at 6 and 7 years of age, having symptoms of asthma and obesity.

Update on perioperative hypersensitivity reactions: joint document from the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) and Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) - Part II: etiology and diagnosis / Atualização sobre reações de hipersensibilidade perioperatória: documento conjunto da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA) e Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) - Parte II: etiologia e diagnóstico

Abstract This second joint document, written by experts from the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) and Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) concerned with perioperative anaphylaxis, aims to review the pathophysiological reaction mechanisms, triggering agents (in adults and children), and the approach for diagnosis during and after an episode of anaphylaxis. As anaphylaxis assessment is extensive, the identification of medications, antiseptics and other substances used at each setting, the comprehensive data documentation, and the use of standardized nomenclature are key points for obtaining more consistent epidemiological information on perioperative anaphylaxis.

Resumo Este segundo documento, escrito por especialistas da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA) interessados no tema anafilaxia perioperatória, tem por objetivo revisar os mecanismos fisiopatológicos, agentes desencadeantes (em adultos e crianças), assim como a abordagem diagnóstica durante e após o episódio. Por se tratar de uma avaliação abrangente, a identificação das medicações, antissépticos e outras substâncias usadas em cada região, registros detalhados, e nomenclatura padronizada são pontos fundamentais para a obtenção de dados epidemiológicos mais fidedignos sobre a anafilaxia perioperatória.

Relevance of the first thousand days of life to the development of wheezing in children aged 6-7 years

INTRODUCTION: The first thousand days of life are a critical stage for the development of respiratory and immune systems. Many events in this period may be associated with wheezing in childhood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between early life determinants and wheezing in children aged 6-7 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Population-based case-control study using early-life related questions. We used the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire to assess wheezing symptoms. Multiple logistic regressions were performed according to a hierarchical framework, considering the complex dynamic of wheezing/asthma and potential interaction between different levels of determination. RESULTS: A total of 820 children were included, from which 162 reported wheezing symptoms (19.7%). Multivariable analysis identified socioeconomic conditions (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.08-4.00), family history of asthma (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.37-3.75), vaginal discharge that required treatment during pregnancy (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.00-2.83), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.17-3.42), anemia and intestinal parasitosis in the first two years (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.22-4.25; OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.02-2.92, respectively) independently associated to wheezing at 6-7 years. Intended pregnancy was associated with reduced wheezing (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Several factors were associated with wheezing in childhood. Considering that intended pregnancy reduced wheezing and other associated exposures are considered modifiable, these findings may guide the planning of strategies to decrease the susceptibility to asthma symptoms in childhood

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Relevance of the first thousand days of life to the development of wheezing in children aged 6-7 years.

INTRODUCTION: The first thousand days of life are a critical stage for the development of respiratory and immune systems. Many events in this period may be associated with wheezing in childhood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between early life determinants and wheezing in children aged 6-7 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Population-based case-control study using early-life related questions. We used the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire to assess wheezing symptoms. Multiple logistic regressions were performed according to a hierarchical framework, considering the complex dynamic of wheezing/asthma and potential interaction between different levels of determination. RESULTS: A total of 820 children were included, from which 162 reported wheezing symptoms (19.7%). Multivariable analysis identified socioeconomic conditions (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.08-4.00), family history of asthma (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.37-3.75), vaginal discharge that required treatment during pregnancy (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.00-2.83), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.17-3.42), anemia and intestinal parasitosis in the first two years (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.22-4.25; OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.02-2.92, respectively) independently associated to wheezing at 6-7 years. Intended pregnancy was associated with reduced wheezing (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Several factors were associated with wheezing in childhood. Considering that intended pregnancy reduced wheezing and other associated exposures are considered modifiable, these findings may guide the planning of strategies to decrease the susceptibility to asthma symptoms in childhood.

QUALITY OF LIFE EVALUATION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORSIN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ATTENDED IN A SPECIALIZED OUTPATIENT CLINIC.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life and its association with disease control, severity, allergic comorbidities and adherence to treatment in children and adolescents with asthma. METHODS: A cross-sectional study that included children and adolescents aged seven to 17. The Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) was used to assess their quality of life. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from the chart and from a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to verify the existence of associations between quality of life and disease control, severity, comorbidities and adherence to treatment. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: 101 children/adolescents were evaluated (62.4% boys), with a mean age of 10.1 years. On average, the PAQLQ score was ≤5.9 points, indicating moderate / severe quality of life impairment. Higher levels of control, as well as higher disease severity, were associated with higher quality of life impairment, both in total PAQLQ score and domains (p<0.05). The presence of comorbidities was also associated with higher quality of life impairment (p=0.01), except in the emotional function domain. Adherence to treatment showed no association with quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with asthma present impairment in their quality of life, and this is related to poorer control and severity of the disease, as well as to the presence of allergic comorbidities.

Quality of life evaluation and associated factorsin asthmatic children and adolescents attended in a specialized outpatient clinic / Avaliação da qualidade de vida e fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes asmáticos atendidos em ambulatório especializado

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the quality of life and its association with disease control, severity, allergic comorbidities and adherence to treatment in children and adolescents with asthma. Methods: A cross-sectional study that included children and adolescents aged seven to 17. The Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) was used to assess their quality of life. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from the chart and from a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were performed and chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to verify the existence of associations between quality of life and disease control, severity, comorbidities and adherence to treatment. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: 101 children/adolescents were evaluated (62.4% boys), with a mean age of 10.1 years. On average, the PAQLQ score was ≤5.9 points, indicating moderate / severe quality of life impairment. Higher levels of control, as well as higher disease severity, were associated with higher quality of life impairment, both in total PAQLQ score and domains (p<0.05). The presence of comorbidities was also associated with higher quality of life impairment (p=0.01), except in the emotional function domain. Adherence to treatment showed no association with quality of life. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with asthma present impairment in their quality of life, and this is related to poorer control and severity of the disease, as well as to the presence of allergic comorbidities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida e sua associação com controle da doença, gravidade, comorbidades alérgicas e adesão ao tratamento em crianças e adolescentes com asma. Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu crianças e adolescentes com idade entre sete e 17 anos. O Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionary (PAQLQ) foi utilizado para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos foram obtidos a partir do prontuário e de um questionário. Foi realizada estatística descritiva e o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para verificar existência de associações entre qualidade de vida e controle da doença, gravidade, comorbidades e adesão ao tratamento. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p<0,05. Resultados: 101 adolescentes/crianças foram avaliados (62,4% meninos), com média de idade de 10,1 anos. Em média, a pontuação do PAQLQ foi ≤5,9 pontos, indicando comprometimento moderado/grave da qualidade de vida. Piores níveis de controle e a maior gravidade da doença estiveram associados ao maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida, tanto no escore total do PAQLQ quanto por domínios (p<0,05). A presença de comorbidades também esteve associada ao maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida (p=0,01), exceto no domínio função emocional. A adesão ao tratamento não demonstrou associação com a qualidade de vida. Conclusões: Crianças e adolescentes com asma apresentam prejuízo na qualidade de vida, e este está relacionado com pior controle e maior gravidade da doença, assim como com a presença de comorbidades alérgicas.

Atualização sobre reações de hipersensibilidade perioperatória: Documento conjunto da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia e Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia ­ Parte I: Tratamento e orientação pós-crise / Update on perioperative hypersensitivity reactions: Joint document from the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology and Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology - Part I: Post-event management and guidance

Especialistas da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia (ASBAI) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA), interessados no tema anafilaxia perioperatória, reuniram-se com o objetivo de intensificar a colaboração entre as duas sociedades no estudo desse tema e elaborar um documento conjunto que possa guiar ambos os especialistas. O objetivo desta série de dois artigos foi mostrar as evidências mais recentes alicerçadas na visão colaborativa entre as sociedades. Este primeiro artigo versará sobre as definições mais atuais, formas de tratamento e as orientações após a crise no perioperatório. No próximo artigo serão discutidos os principais agentes causais e a condução da investigação com testes apropriados.

Experts from the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI) and Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), interested in the topic of perioperative anaphylaxis, have met to strengthen collaboration between the two societies in the study of this topic and to draft a joint document that can provide guidance to members of both societies. The purpose of this series of two articles is to provide the latest evidence based on the collaborative view of both societies. This first article will cover the most current definitions, treatment modalities, and guidelines for management after a perioperative event. The second article will discuss major causative agents and whether investigation has been conducted with proper tests.

Relação entre índice de massa corporal e asma em adolescentes escolares de São José, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Association between body mass index and asthma symptoms among teenage students in São José, Santa Catarina, Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre o IMC e os sintomas e gravidade de asma em adolescentes escolares. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional em escolas públicas e particulares do município de São José ­ SC, incluindo adolescentes entre 12 a 14 anos de idade. As características de asma foram avaliadas pelo questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). O indicador antropométrico para classificar o grau nutricional nos adolescentes foi Índice de Massa Corpórea. O nível de significância foi de p > 0,05, e os dados foram analisados usando Statistical Package for the Social Sciencies (SPSS) versão 20.0. Resultados: Foram avaliados estudantes adolescentes (n=2042; 1116 [54,6%] feminino). Um total de 26,4% adolescentes apresentou IMC com percentil >85º, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os que apresentaram critérios para asma e os que não tinham sintomas de asma (28,1% versus 26,3%; p = 0,633). Apenas 263 adolescentes apresentaram critérios de provável asma, mostrando uma prevalência de 13% da doença, em relação a gravidade a maioria apresentou uma menor gravidade não tendo uma associação significativa com sobrepeso e/ou obesidade. Não se encontrou nenhuma relação entre prevalência de sintomas, gravidade e o estado nutricional entre os adolescentes asmáticos eutróficos, com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou elevada prevalência de sobrepeso e/ou obesidade entre os adolescentes escolares, independente da presença de sintomas de asma. Entre aqueles com sintomas de asma, houve predomínio de sobrepeso no gênero feminino, entretanto a gravidade dos sintomas de asma não foi associada ao IMC.

Introduction: The association between asthma and obesity in adolescents has been investigated; however, findings from the literature are still controversial. Objective: To identify the association between body mass index (BMI) and asthma symptoms and severity among students aged 12-14 years. Methodology: Cross-sectional population-based study conducted in public and private schools in São José, Santa Catarina, Southern of Brazil. Asthma symptoms were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). BMI (greater than or equal to the 85percentile) was used to assess the nutritional status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The association between overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 85 percentile) and asthma severity was analyzed by calculating odds ratios and confidence intervals. The level of significance was set at p <0.05.Results: A total of 2,042 adolescents (54.6% female) were surveyed. The prevalence of asthma symptoms was 13%, with predominance in female. Of the total, 26.4% had a BMI ≥ 85 percentile. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups with and without asthma symptoms (28.1% versus 26.3%; p = 0.633). No significant associations were found between prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms and overweight and/or obese subjects. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of overweight and/or obesity among adolescents, regardless of the presence of asthma symptoms. Among those with asthma symptoms, there was a prevalence of overweight among girls, though severity of asthma symptoms was not associated with BMI.

Limited utility of Kinesio Taping® in the physiotherapy treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation.

BACKGROUND: Kinesio Taping® has been used as a physiotherapy treatment in musculoskeletal disorders. However, few studies have evaluated its effectiveness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of Kinesio Taping® associated with conventional physiotherapy, on the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) of patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, single-blinded study. Sixty-two participants who were randomized into two groups: 1) control (medication and standard physiotherapy treatment); and 2) Kinesio Taping® (standard treatment plus application of Kinesio Taping® on the respiratory muscles). The outcomes were assessed 24 hours after the treatment. RESULTS: After the intervention, the Kinesio Taping® group showed a statistically significant increase in all outcomes assessed. However, when the mean differences between groups were analyzed, there were no statistically significant differences in MIP, MEP, FEV1, and PEF. Differences were found only in SpO2 that was improved in the Kinesio Taping® group. CONCLUSIONS: The application of Kinesio Taping® associated with physiotherapy improved SpO2 of non-hypoxemic patients with COPD exacerbation. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the method in the long run and in another outcome.

Healing effect of Dillenia indica fruit extracts standardized to betulinic acid on ultraviolet radiation-induced psoriasis-like wounds in rats.

CONTEXT: Dillenia indica Linn. (Dilleniaceae) is traditionally used to treat skin inflammation. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the healing effect of Dillenia indica fruit extracts on induced psoriasis-like wounds in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracts were standardized to betulinic acid, including an aqueous ethanolic extract (AEE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and petroleum ether extract. Effects against lipid peroxidation were assessed in vitro. Wounds were created at rat tails (n = 12). Topical treatments were applied once daily for 7 days (1 mL of AEE or EAE at 5 or 50 mg/mL). Maximal dose was defined by the extract solubility. A 10-fold lower dose was also tested. Positive and negative controls were treated with clobetasol (0.5 mg/mL) or excipient. Half of each group was euthanized for histology. The remaining animals were observed for 20 days for wound measurements. RESULTS: Yields of AEE and EAE were 4.3 and 0.7%, respectively. Betulinic acid concentrations in AEE and EAE were 4.6 and 107.6 mg/g. Extracts neutralized lipid peroxidation in vitro at 0.02 µg/mL, accelerating healing at 50 mg/mL. Complete healing in mice treated with AEE occurred 16 days after wound induction. This time was 14 and 12 days in mice treated with EAE and clobetasol. Compared to orthokeratosis, parakeratosis was reduced by AEE (25%), EAE (45%) and clobetasol (55%). EAE caused superior protection against biomolecules oxidation of skin compared to AEE. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: EAE exhibited activity closer to that of clobetasol. Betulinic acid may be an active constituent, which should be assessed in future studies.

Preliminary stages of cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of McMaster Family Assessment Device / Estágios preliminares da adaptação transcultural da versão brasileira do McMaster Family Assessment Device

ABSTRACT Objective To carry out the preliminary stages of the cross-cultural adaptation of the Family Assessment Device (FAD) to Brazilian Portuguese language and examine its reliability. Methods The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the FAD were developed according to the methods internationally recommended. The resulting product was applied to 80 individuals who completed the questionnaire on two different occasions, seven days apart. Internal consistency was obtained through Cronbach’s alpha, and reliability was estimated by using the Bland and Altman method. Results The internal consistency obtained was very good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.910). The mean differences of FAD dimensions found in the Bland and Altman test were the following: -0.21 (Problem Solving); -0.32 (Communication); -0.17 (Roles); 0.2 (Affective Responsiveness); -0.27 (Affective Involvement); -0.08 (Behavior Control); -0.02 (General Functioning). Conclusion The processes of translation and cross-cultural adaptation were successful. Assessment of the structural validity and external construct validity is recommended for the improvement of the Brazilian version.

RESUMO Objetivo Proceder as fases preliminares da adaptação transcultural do Family Assessment Device (FAD) para o português falado no Brasil e analisar sua confiabilidade. Métodos A tradução e a adaptação transcultural do FAD foram realizadas de acordo com métodos internacionalmente recomendados. A versão brasileira foi aplicada em 80 indivíduos que completaram o questionário em duas ocasiões distintas, com intervalo de sete dias. A consistência interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach e a reprodutibilidade foi estimada utilizando o método de Bland-Altman. Resultados A consistência interna obtida foi muito boa (alfa de Cronbach = 0,910). A média das diferenças das dimensões do FAD encontradas no teste de Bland-Altman foi a seguinte: -0,21 (Resolução de Problemas); -0,32 (Comunicação); -0,17 (Papéis); 0,2 (Resposta Afetiva); -0,27 (Envolvimento Afetivo); -0,08 (Controle do Comportamento); -0,02 (Funcionamento Geral). Conclusão Os processos de tradução e adaptação transcultural foram bem-sucedidos. A aferição da validade de conteúdo é recomendada para o aprimoramento da versão proposta.

MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO AIDS: A STUDY OF BURDEN OF DISEASE AT A MUNICIPAL LEVEL / Morbidade e mortalidade por AIDS: estudo sobre o impacto da doença em nível municipal

Introduction: The purpose of measuring the burden of disease involves aggregating morbidity and mortality components into a single indicator, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), to measure how much and how people live and suffer the impact of a disease. Objective: To estimate the global burden of disease due to AIDS in a municipality of southern Brazil. Methods: An ecological study was conducted in 2009 to examine the incidence and AIDS-related deaths among the population residing in the city of Tubarao, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Data from the Mortality Information System in the National Health System was used to calculate the years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality. The calculation was based on the difference between a standardized life expectancy and age at death, with a discount rate of 3% per year. Data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases were used to calculate the years lived with disability (YLD). The DALY was estimated by the sum of YLL and YLD. Indicator rates were estimated per 100,000 inhabitants, distributed by age and gender. Results: A total of 131 records were examined, and a 572.5 DALYs were estimated, which generated a rate of 593.1 DALYs/100,000 inhabitants. The rate among men amounted to 780.7 DALYs/100,000, whereas among women the rate was 417.1 DALYs/100,000. The most affected age groups were 30-44 years for men and 60-69 years for women. Conclusion: The burden of disease due to AIDS in the city of Tubarao was relatively high when considering the global trend. The mortality component accounted for more than 90% of the burden of disease.

Introdução: A proposta de mensuração do impacto da doença implica a integração em um mesmo indicador, o DALY, de componentes de morbidade e mortalidade, para medir quanto e como as populações vivem e sofrem o impacto de determinada doença. Objetivo: Estimar o impacto da doença causada pela Aids em um município do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Foi desenvolvido um estudo ecológico envolvendo registros de incidência e de óbitos por Aids na população residente em Tubarão, SC, em 2009. Para cálculo do componente de mortalidade-YLL foram utilizados dados de mortalidade do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade do Sistema Único de Saúde. Calculou-se pela diferença de uma expectativa de vida padronizada e a idade do óbito, aplicada uma taxa de desconto de 3% ao ano. Para cálculo do componente de morbidade-YLD foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. O DALY foi estimado pela soma do YLL e YLD. Foram estimadas as taxas dos indicadores por 100 mil habitantes segundo sexo e faixa etária. Resultados: Foram analisados 131 registros e estimados 572,5 DALYs, o que gerou uma taxa de 593,1 DALYs/100 mil habitantes. No sexo masculino a taxa foi de 780,7 DALY/100 mil homens, já nas mulheres esta taxa correspondeu a 417,1 DALYs/100 mil mulheres. As faixas etárias mais acometidas foram de 30 a 44 anos no sexo masculino e de 60 a 69 anos no sexo feminino. Conclusão: O impacto da doença causada pela Aids no município de Tubarão mostrou-se elevado quando considerada a tendência global. O componente de mortalidade contribuiu com mais de 90% do indicador de impacto da doença.

Burden of AIDS in a Brazilian state.

BACKGROUND: To estimate the burden of a disease implies the simultaneous quantification of the impact of early mortality and the health problems that affect the individual's quality of life, and this evaluation can be particularly important in a disease such as AIDS that has become a long-term disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of disease due to AIDS in the Brazilian Southern State of Santa Catarina. METHODS: An ecological designed study was performed using death and AIDS notifications data for 2009. The disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated by the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and the years lived with disability (YLD). The YLL was estimated as the difference between the life expectancy from birth and the age at death with the application of a discount rate of 3% per year. The YLD was estimated as the product of the Burden of Disease Study's weight for AIDS of 0.167 and its average duration of 108 months in Brazil for the incident cases. The YLL, YLD and DALY rates were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants by sex and age groups. RESULTS: There were 2034 notified cases and 689 deaths due to AIDS reported. There were 15,756.5 YLLs estimated, resulting in 257.5 YLLs/100,000 inhabitants, and 4554.1 YLDs were estimated, resulting in 74.4 YLDs/100,000 inhabitants. The DALY was estimated at 20,310.6, with a rate of 331.9 DALYs/100,000 inhabitants. The highest rates were observed in males in the age groups 30-44 and 45-59 years. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of AIDS was high and was observed mainly in adults, with a predominance in males.

Factors associated with hepatitis C seropositivity in people living with HIV.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) seropositivity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. METHODS: A paired case-control study adjusted by age and gender was conducted. It included adults coinfected with HIV and HCV (cases) and HIV mono-infected subjects (controls) using non-probability sampling. Data were collected through interviews and review of medical records. The chi-square test was used for comparing categorical variables and the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U) test for continuous variables. Confidence intervals (95%) were estimated along with crude and adjusted odds ratios using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 165 patients were surveyed, including 55 cases and 110 controls. The mean age was 43.6 ± 8.4 years, ranging from 19 to 64 years; 70.9% were male. Independent risk factors for HIV/HCV coinfection were education (up to eight years of schooling); age at first intercourse < 15 years; having undergone tattooing; blood transfusion; and use of injecting drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Low level of education, early age at first sexual intercourse, tattooing, blood transfusions, and sharing needles and other drug injection equipment were factors that increased the risk of HIV/HCV coinfection. The results from this research can be compared with similar data from other regions to help direct preventive and educational efforts targeting people living with HIV.

Avaliação do controle da asma em pacientes acompanhados em dois ambulatórios de pneumologia vinculados à Estratégia Saúde da Família em Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Assessment of asthma control in patients monitored at two pulmonology outpatient clinics linked to the Family Health Strategy in Tubarão, Santa Catarina state, Brazil / Evaluación del control del asma en pacientes asistidos en dos ambulatorios de neumología vinculados a la Estrategia de Salud Familiar en Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brasil

Introdução: A asma é uma doença crônica debilitante, que pode gerar restrições diretamente ligadas a um mau controle da doença. O controle da asma pode ser avaliado por instrumentos padronizados. Objetivo: Determinar o controle da asma por meio do Questionário de Controle da Asma (QCA) e do Teste de Controle da Asma (TCA) e a classificação de acordo com as Diretrizes para o Manejo da Asma, de 2012. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal com pacientes atendidos em ambulatórios de referência vinculados à Estratégia Saúde da Família em Tubarão-SC. A população foi composta por todos os pacientes asmáticos adultos que recorreram a consultas médicas durante o período de janeiro a novembro de 2010. Os dados foram compilados em uma planilha Excel e analisados pelo programa INSTAT 3. Foi realizada análise descritiva e aplicado teste quiquadrado para verificar associação entre respostas do TCA e QCA. Resultados: Foram avaliados 49 pacientes, tendo, a maioria deles, asma intermitente ou persistente leve (51%). Na avaliação do controle da asma o TCA mostrou que 69,3% dos pacientes não estavam controlados. Em relação ao QCA, foram considerados fora do alvo 75,5% dos pacientes. Houve associação significativa entre o TCA e QCA (p<0,05). Quanto às Diretrizes para o Manejo da Asma, 2012, 57,14% dos pacientes foram considerados não controlados; 30,6% estavam parcialmente controlados; e 12,2%, controlados. Conclusão: Os asmáticos estavam, em sua maioria, não controlados. Torna-se necessário identificar os fatores ligados ao descontrole e buscar estratégias, visando melhorar os escores para redução da morbimortalidade associada à asma.

Introduction: Asthma is a chronic debilitating disease which can generate constraints directly associated with poor disease control. Asthma control can be evaluated using standardized instruments. Objective: To determine asthma control through the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and Asthma Control Test (ACT), and to classify it according to the Guidelines for the Management of Asthma, 2012. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study with patients of two pulmonology outpatient clinics linked to the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of Tubarão, Santa Catarina state. The population consisted of all adult asthmatic patients who resorted to medical appointments from January to November 2010. The data were compiled in Excel and analyzed by INSTAT 3 software. We performed descriptive analysis and applied the chi-square test to assess the association between ACT and ACQ answers. Results: We evaluated 49 patients, most of them presenting intermittent or mild persistent asthma (51%). In the assessment of asthma control, ACT showed that 69.3% of patients were considered uncontrolled, while ACQ showed that 75.5% of patients were considered off-target. Significant association was found between ACT and ACQ (p<0.05). Regarding the 2012 Guidelines for the Management of Asthma, 57.14% of patients were considered uncontrolled; 30.6% were partially controlled; and 12.2% were controlled. Conclusion: Most asthmatics were uncontrolled. It is necessary to identify the factors related to uncontrolled patients and search strategies to improve health scores for reduction of morbimortality caused by asthma.

Introducción: El asma es una enfermedad crónica debilitante, que puede generar restricciones directamente relacionadas con el mal control de la enfermedad. El control del asma puede ser evaluado utilizando instrumentos estandarizados. Objetivo: Determinar el control del asma a través del Cuestionario de Control del Asma (CCA) y la Prueba de Control del Asma (PCA) y la clasificación de acuerdo con la Guía para el Manejo del Asma, de 2012. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal con pacientes atendidos en ambulatorios de referencia vinculados a la Estrategia de Salud Familiar en Tubarão-SC. La población estaba compuesta por todos los pacientes asmáticos adultos que recurrieron a citas médicas durante el período de enero a noviembre de 2010. Los datos se recopilaron en una hoja de cálculo Excel y se analizaron con el software INSTAT 3. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se aplicó el test chi-cuadrado para evaluar la asociación entre respuestas del PCA y CCA. Resultados: Se evaluaron 49 pacientes, la mayoría de ellos con asma intermitente o persistente leve (51%). En la evaluación del control del asma, el PCA mostró que el 69,3% de los pacientes no estaban bajo control. En el CCA se consideró fuera de objetivo al 75,5% de los pacientes. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre PCA y CCA (p <0,05). En cuanto a la Guía para el Manejo del Asma, de 2012, se consideró al 57,14% de los pacientes fuera de control; el 30,6% estaban parcialmente bajo control; y el 12,2% bajo control total. Conclusión: La mayoría de los asmáticos no estaban bajo control. Es necesario identificar los factores relacionados con el descontrol y buscar estrategias con el objetivo de mejorar los puntajes para reducir la morbimortalidad asociada al asma.

Factors associated with hepatitis C seropositivity in people living with HIV / Factores asociados con la seropositividad al virus de la hepatitis C en personas con infección por el VIH

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) seropositivity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. METHODS: A paired case-control study adjusted by age and gender was conducted. It included adults coinfected with HIV and HCV (cases) and HIV mono-infected subjects (controls) using non-probability sampling. Data were collected through interviews and review of medical records. The chi-square test was used for comparing categorical variables and the Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U) test for continuous variables. Confidence intervals (95%) were estimated along with crude and adjusted odds ratios using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 165 patients were surveyed, including 55 cases and 110 controls. The mean age was 43.6 ± 8.4 years, ranging from 19 to 64 years; 70.9% were male. Independent risk factors for HIV/HCV coinfection were education (up to eight years of schooling); age at first intercourse < 15 years; having undergone tattooing; blood transfusion; and use of injecting drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Low level of education, early age at first sexual intercourse, tattooing, blood transfusions, and sharing needles and other drug injection equipment were factors that increased the risk of HIV/HCV coinfection. The results from this research can be compared with similar data from other regions to help direct preventive and educational efforts targeting people living with HIV.

OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con la seropositividad al virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y testigos apareados, ajustados por edad y sexo. Este estudio, realizado mediante muestreo no probabilístico, incluyó a adultos coinfectados por el VIH y el VHC (casos) y a otros infectados únicamente por el VIH (testigos). Se recopilaron datos mediante entrevistas y revisiones de expedientes médicos. Se utilizó la prueba de ji al cuadrado para comparar las variables categóricas, y la prueba t de Student o la prueba de Wilcoxon (U de Mann-Whitney) para las variables continuas. Se calcularon los intervalos de confianza (95%) junto con las razones de posibilidades brutas y ajustadas mediante el empleo de un modelo de regresión logística condicional. RESULTADOS: Fueron estudiados 165 pacientes (55 casos y 110 testigos). La media de edad fue de 43,6 ± 8,4 años, con edades comprendidas entre los 19 y los 64 años; 70,9% eran hombres. Los factores de riesgo independientes de coinfección por el VIH y el VHC fueron la educación (hasta ocho años de escolarización); la primera relación sexual a una edad inferior a los 15 años; los tatuajes; la transfusión de sangre; y el consumo de drogas inyectables. CONCLUSIONES: El escaso nivel de formación, la primera relación sexual a una edad temprana, los tatuajes, las transfusiones de sangre y el compartir agujas y otros materiales de inyección de drogas fueron factores que aumentaron el riesgo de coinfección por el VIH y el VHC. Se pueden comparar los resultados de esta investigación con datos similares de otras regiones para orientar las iniciativas preventivas y educativas dirigidas a las personas infectadas por el VIH.